Primary Sources

Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Jefferson was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Through his…

Notes on the State of Virginia

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Thomas Jefferson originally offered his Notes on the State of Virginia in response to questions posed by the French ambassador in 1780. Since then,…

Horrid Massacre in Virginia

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In August of 1831, seventy slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, revolted and killed 57 whites. The rebels and their leader, minister Nat Turner,…

John Brown's Body

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Widely popular songs during the American Civil War possessed power because music reinforced or modified ideas. Each song provides glimpses into Civil…

Aunt Phillis's Cabin

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Mary Henderson Eastman was born in 1818 in Warrenton, Virginia. In 1835 she married Seth Eastman, an artist and soldier best known for his artistic…

Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in 1811 in Litchfield, Connecticut. One of thirteen children born to a Calvinist minister and his deeply religious…

Anthony Burns

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Anthony Burns, the fugitive slave, appears in a portrait at the center of this 1855. Burns’ arrest and trial, possible because of the 1850 Fugitive…

Southern Chivalry

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This political cartoon by Philadelphia printer, John L. Magee, depicts an incident that occurred on the floor of the Senate on May 22, 1856. During a…

Dred Scott

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Dred Scott’s Supreme Court case made clear that the federal government was no longer able or willing to ignore the issue of slavery. More than that,…

“I Wish I Was in Dixie”

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Despite its unlikely origins, the folk song known as “Dixie” remains among the most iconic musical representations of the American South. Written by a…